The 16th of August, marks the anniversry of the infamous Peterloo Massacre, one of the most significant atrocities carried out by the British authorities against their own people and one of the bloodiest episodes and most dismal in British history. The massacre by official accounts is believed to have
involved 18 deaths and injuries to as many as 700 protesters, who paid
the price for exercising their democratic rights and freedom of
assembly.Though the actual death toll was likely much higher.
Peterloo involved the assembly of a large crowd of citizens at St
Peter’s Field in post- Napoleonic Manchester (since renamed St Peters Square.) Where over 60,000 peaceful pro-democracy (none of them were armed) and anti poverty protestors had gathered, many in their Sunday best, proud and defiant amid growing poverty and unemployment, mainly from the Corn Laws that artificially inflated bread prices, at a time when only 2% could vote.
The first few decades of the 19th century, enshrined in public
imagination as the elegant age of the Regency, were a time of severe
political repression in England. The Tory government, led by Lord
Liverpool, feared that the kind of revolutionary activity recently
witnessed in France would break out in England – probably in Manchester,
where social conditions were so desperate – and chose decided to stamp
out all dissent and free speech.
The government was at war with France, which saw Wellington triumph over Napoleon’s forces at Waterloo in 1815.But as Paul Foot once wrote, the British government was also waging war against its own people.
The key speaker at St
Peter’s Field was a famed orator by the name of Henry Hunt, the platform consisted of a simple cart, and the space was filled with banners emblazoned with messages calling for - Reform, universal suffrage,and equal representation. Many of the banners poles were topped with the red cap of liberty- a powerful symbol at the time.However, local magistrates peering out a window from a building near the field panicked at the size of the crowd, and proceeded without any notice to read the Riot Act, ordering the assembled listeners to disperse. It would almost certainly have been the case that only a very few would have heard the magistrates. The official 'guardians of the peace' then promptly directed the local Yeomanry to arrest the speakers. The Yeomanry could be described as a kind of paramilitary force with no training in crowd control and little in the way of proper discipline similar to the riot police that ran amok at the Battle of Orgreave during the miners strike of the 1980's. On horseback they charged into the crowd, and pierced the air with cutlasses and clubs. Many in the crowd believed the troops had drunk heavily in the lead up to the assault. In the melee, 600 Hussars who had initially been held in reserve, were ordered to attack unarmed civilians, with brutal consequences.They sliced indiscriminately at men, women and children as they tried to get to the speakers platform. Within minutes, people were sabred, trampled and crushed. Screams reverberated across the square. The Manchester Guardian described how " the women seemed to be the special objects of the rage of these bastard soldiers,"
The massacre was named ‘Peterloo’ in ironic comparison to the battle of
Waterloo, that took place four years earlier.The victims included a two year old boy, William Fides, who was ridden oer by the cavalry after he was knocked from his mothers arms, and an an old Waterloo veteran , John Less, who was slashed to death by the cavalry's sabres.
After the massacre, it was the victims, and not the aggressors who were treated as criminals, and feared discrimination by their employers. And no doubt many of those injured died as a result of their injuries some weeks or even months later. In those days of primitive medical care and lack of welfare provision, a serious injury was often a death sentence, and for a wage earner to be incapacitated equalled the threat of starvation for a family. At this time many handloom weavers and spinners were already living in a state of semi starvation.
The
government of Lord Liverpool, backed up the public officials and the
actions of the troops and was adamantly unwilling to apologize for the
appalling violence. Henry Hunt, Samuel Bamford and other radical leaders were arrested for treason. This capital offence was later commuted to a lesser one, and they served prison sentences of several years.
The event would also usher in a series of draconian laws that further
restricted the liberties of the population.It would lead to the
suppression of public expression of opinion, debate , gathering and
dissent.The populace did not decline into apathy,
however. A large public outcry ensued, and an effort was made by various
reformers to document the truth of what had occurred in the center of
Manchester on that fateful day. Peterloo led directly to the formation
of one of Britain’s leading progressive newspapers, the Manchester Guardian (now the more watered down Guardian). The aftermath of the event would in itself unleash a wave of public anger and protests, which eventually was to lead to the Great Reform Act of 1832, which led to limited suffrage and to today's parliamentary democracy. Many historians now acknowledge Peterloo as hugely influential in ordinary people winning the vote and credit it with giving rise to the Chartist movement, and strength to other workers rights movements. We should never forget on whose shoulders we today stand, a reminder that what rights that we have today were hard one.
In Italy, in the aftermath of Peterloo, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley having heard of the horror, his outraged response was to compose his powerful political 91-verse poem, The Mask of Anarchy. The word anarchy then meant something quite different to how we view it today, Shelley used it to describe the chaos of tyranny, in which no one but the very few who own and control society can plan their lives for themselves.
The poem was written in the ballad tradition. Ballads in the early 19th century were verse narratives, often set to popular tunes and typically sold on the streets as a cheap disposable form of literature. They often focussed on tragedies, love affairs or scandals. By adopting this style,Shelley could be seen to be speaking with the voice of the common man.
The Mask of Anarchy recounts a nightmare in which the three Lords of the Tory Cabinet parade in an awful possession, murdering and deceiving while Britain dissolves into anarchy. He rouses the people to free themselves from their oppressors, by supplying them, among other things, with a powerful definition of freedom.
He begins his poem with the powerful images of the unjust forms of
authority of his time: God, the King and Law, and he then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action. The poem mentions several members of Lord Liverpool's's government by name: the Foreign Secretary, Castlereagh who appears as a mask worn by Murder, the Home Secretary,Lord Sidmouth., whose guise is taken by Hypocrricy, and the Lord Chancellor,Lord Eldon whose ermine gown is worn by Fraud.The crowd at this gathering is met by armed soldiers, but the protestors do not raise an arm against their assailants:
Stand ye calm and resolute,
Like a forest close and mute,
With folded arms and looks which are
Weapons of unvanquished war,
And that slaughter to the Nation
Shall steam up like inspiration,
Eloquent, oracular;
A volcano heard afar.
Rise like Lions after slumber
In unvanquishable number,
Shake your chains to earth like dew
Which in sleep had fallen on you-
Ye are many - they are few."
That closing verse is perhaps one of the best known pieces of poetry in any movement of the oppressed all over the world such is it's resonance.Encouraging people to rise up and challenge the tyranny that they are facing every day of their lives, against the undeniable injustices.faced by the many at the hands of the few. The rallying language of the poem has led to elements of it being recited by students at Tiananmen Square and by protestors in Tahir Square during the revolution in Egypt in 2011.It would inspire the campaign slogan "We are many, they are few" used by anti Poll Tax demonstrators in 1989-90, and also inspired the title of the 2014 documentary film We are Many, which focussed on the worldwide anti-war protests of 2003, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn has also memorably used the final stanza.
Shelley’s friend and publisher, Leigh Hunt did not publish the poem
until after Shelley’s death fearing that the opinions in it were too
controversial and inflammatory. The Masque of Anarchy has been
described as “the greatest political poem ever written in English” by
people such as Richard Holmes. It inspired Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience which in turn influenced the anarchist writings of Leo Tolstoy.Percy Bysshe Shelley believed that “poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.”He would remain a serious advocate for serious reform for the rest of his life, and would come to serve as a prophetic voice and inspiration to those, like the Chartists who created significant movements for peaceful reform, alongside generations of activists to this present day. Many years later his powerful poem is as relevant in austerity gripped Britain as when it was first written and reminds us that Poetry can serve to inspire and motivate people and change and influence ideas. It is one of the most powerful tools we have.
Full text of Shelley's Mask of Anarchy can be found here:-
http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/PShelley/anarchy.html
An earlier post on Shelley can be found here :-
https://teifidancer-teifidancer.blogspot.com/2017/08/percy-bysshe-shelley-august-4-1792-july.html
The terrible events that happened on August 16th, 1819 have recently been dramatised by director Mike Leigh in his historical drama Peterloo. In this gripping account he presents a devastating portrait of class and political corruption which develops our understanding of how the working poor in Britain have coped with oppression . It is a necessary film for our times, .which should be shown up and down the country in schools so that our children can learn more about this shameful piece of British history.
This sobering but enthralling blast from the past, superbly shot by the
director's regular cameraman Dick Pope, sees Leigh seamlessly move
between the lives of disparate characters in the years after Waterloo: a
family of weavers headed by Maxine Peake's matriarch: the Westminster
government and gluttonous Prince Regent (an unrecognisable Tim
McInnerny), fearful of losing his head to the forces of revolution;
venomous Manchester magistrates determined to quash any radicalism; and
moderate reformists and supporters from the local press, who invite
tub-thumping speaker "Orator" Hunt (a terrific Rory Kinnear) to address
the masses on that fateful day. Though the film is of considerable
length, it's never plodding - Leigh leavens the mood with pointed humour
and subtle mockery, whether it's in the pomposity and idiosyncrasies of
the ruling classes, Vincent Franklin's apoplectic reverend magistrate
or Hunt's smug, southern snobbishness. The climactic massacre is
unheralded and low key, yet once the mayhem unfolds, it's easy to be
reminded of recent crowd crises like Orgreave, the Poll Tax riots and
Hillsborough. No doubt, Ken Loach would have been more strident with the
material. To his credit, Leigh manages to take quirky slice-of-life
drama to impressively epic heights and express a quieter indignation.
But it's indignation, nonetheless.
Peterloo has since become a rallying cry for the working class and radicals, a symbol of the vile nature of the ruling class. The lessons that they draw from it remain as valid today as ever, that we do not forget that our rights have been won by others and must be constantly defended. A time to pause and to consider this significant moment in history when our working class ancestors were slaughtered whilst peacefully protesting for basic civil rights that we today, take for granted.We must continue too display our defiance. More than that, in today's society with the Conservatives current draconian Policing Bill, it’s a reminder that Peterloo was about
demanding basic democratic rights and that all these years later a Tory
Government is still trying to restrict them and take them away and they are continuing to attack peoples rights to free assembly and their assaults on the weak and vulnerable among us, in an age of increasing government surveillance and the erosion of our civil liberties, it is a timely reminder of how governments are still not averse to attacking its own people and we should put Shelley's words into practice and rise like lions, because we are many and they are few.
Print of the Peterloo Massacre published by Richard Carlisle
