From May-June 1831, the Welsh working class exploded onto the pages of
history in a ferocious uprising unprecedented in British history. Its
roots lay in the deep discontent which had been evident for many
years,the preceding years had seen the emergence of popular protest
movements
like the Barley-Meal Riots of 1801 and the South Wales strike
of 1816, which paralysed the coalfields. Against a backdrop of a
collapse in
living conditions, with lack of proper sanitation where disease was
rife and life expectancy within a working-class
household was low, this led to simmering resentment.
In 1829 depression set in in the iron industry which was to last for three years. As a result Merthyr Tydfil
Ironmasters made many workers redundant and cut the wages of those in
work. Against a background of rising prices this caused severe hardship
for many of the working people of the area and, in order to survive,
many people were forced into debt. Often they were unable to pay off
their debts and their creditirs would then turn to the Court of Requests
which had been set up in 1809 to allow the bailiffs to seize the
property of debtors. As a result the Court was hated by many people who
saw it as the reason for their losing their property. The low wages of the industrial workforce, poor working conditions and the implementation of the 'truck'system' by the iron masters, in which workers were not payed real money, but vouchers and tokens valid only in their masters own shops, contributed to ongoing social unrest.
Against this background the Radicals of Merthyr, as part of the National
movement for political reform, organised themselves into a Political
Union in 1830 to lead the local campaign for reform. In November 1830
they called for demonstrations in Merthyr to protest against the Truck
System and the Corn Laws. The campaign was actually supported by some
local Ironmasters. William Crawshay of Cyfarthfa Ironworks and Josiah
John Guest of Dowlais Ironworks, for example, both supported the
campaign. By the end of the year 1830 the campaign had broadened to
embrace the Reform of Parliament, and the election of a Liberal
Government in Great Britain led to a bill being brought before
Parliament to reform the House of Commons. The Bill was welcomed by the
Merthyr Radicals as a step in the right direction, although it did not
give Merthyr a Parliamentary Constituency and only extended the right to
vote to the Middle Classes rather than the workers. In April 1831,
however, the Bill was defeated in a House of Commons vote, the
Government resigned and a new General Election was called to fight on
the issue of Parliamentary Reform.
Despite Crawshay's support for the Reforms he was forced,in March
1831, to announce cuts in the wages of his workers and redundancies. In
May the wage cuts took effect and he made 84 of his workers.
It was this, combined with similar situations in other ironworks, the
hatred of the activities of the Court of Requests, that saw the increasing tension come to a head,
On 30 May 1831 at the Waun Common above Dowlais a mass meeting of over
2000 workers from Merthyr & Monmouthshire discussed petitioning the King for Reform, the abolition of the Court of Requests and the state of wages in the iron industry.
Then on 31 May, baillifs
from the Court of Requests attempted to seize goods from the home of
Lewis Lewis, known as Lewsyn yr Heliwr/ Lewis the Hunstsman, at
Penderyn, near Merthyr. Lewis refused to let them take his property and, supported by his
neighbours, prevented them from entering his home. The Magistrate,
J.B.Bruce, was called and he arranged a compromise between Lewis and the
bailiffs which allowed the latter to remove a single trunk belonging to
Lewis.
The next day a crowd led by
Lewis Lewis marched to the home of a shopkeeper who was now in
posession of his trunk, took the trunk back by force, and prepared to
march to Merthyr. On the march to Merthyr the crowd went from house to
house, seizing any goods which the Court of Requests had taken, and
returning them to their original owners. They ransacked the house of one
of the bailiffs (Thomas Williams) and took away many articles. By this
time the crowd had been swollen by the addition of men from the
Cyfarthfa & Hirwaun Ironworks. They marched to the area behind the
Castle Inn where many of the tradespeople of the town lived and in
particular the home of Thomas Lewis, a hated moneylender and forced him
to sign a promise to return goods to a woman whose goods he had seized
for debt.
On the same day Thomas Llewellyn, a coal miner, attempted to hold a rally
advocating reform at Hirwaun Common. However, the reformers met with a
more militant group who wanted to take more radical action. The radicals
killed a calf and dipped the white cloth of a reform flag in its blood.On its staff was impaled a loaf of bread, the symbol of their slogan and the needs of the marchers,
Bara neu Waed (Bread or Blood) creating a symbol of common suffering and of equality of humankind. They raised the flag on a pole and it was probably the first time the red flag of revolution was flown as a symbol of workers revolt.
Over the next two days some 7,000-10,000 workers marched on Merthyr
Tydfil and the town was seized by the workers. After storming Merthyr,
the rebels sacked the local debtors’ court and distributed the goods
that had been collected. Account books containing debtors’ details were
also destroyed. Among the shouts were cries of
Caws a bara (cheese and bread) and
I lawr â’r Brenin (down with the king).
The Magistrate J.B. Bruce arrived at the scene and realised that this
was rapidly becoming a more widespread revolt against the Court of
Requests. He and some other magistrates, quickly enrolled about 70 Special
Constables, mainly from the town’s tradespeople, to help keep the peace,
and then advised the Military Authorities in the town of Brecon that he
may need troops sent.
Bruce, along with Anthony Hill, the Ironmaster of the Plymouth Works, tried to pursuade the crowd to disperse, but to no avail. He then had the Riot Act read in both English and Welsh. This also had little effect, and the crowd then drove the magistrates away and attacked Thomas Lewis’ house.
That evening, (the 2nd of June) the crowd assembled outside the home
of Joseph Coffin, President of the Court of Requests, demanded the books
of the Court and other books in the house, which they then burned in
the street along with his furniture.
On hearing of this attack, Bruce decided that he would have to call
in the troops after all, and soon, 52 soldiers of the Royal Glamorgan
Light Infantry were despatched from Cardiff to Merthyr by coach, and a
detachment of the 93rd (Sutherland) Highlanders were sent from Brecon.
Meanwhile the crowd had marched to the various ironworks and managed to persuade the workers to join them.On their march from Brecon, the Highlanders were mocked and jeered
but eventually arrived at the Castle Inn where they were met by the High
Sheriff of Glamorgan, the Merthyr Magistrates and Ironmasters and the
Special Constables.
The crowd outside the Inn, now some 10,000 strong, again refused to
disperse when the Riot Act was read for a second time and pressed ever
closer toward the Inn and the soldiers drawn up outside.
Anthony Hill then asked the crowd to select a deputation to put forward their demands. They demanded higher wages, a reduction in the cost of items they used in their work and immediate reform.
The Ironmasters however flatly refused to consider any of these demands, and
the deputation returned to the crowd. The High Sheriff then informed the
crowd that if they did not disperse, the soldiers would be used against
them. William Crawshay and Josiah John Guest also tried
to get the crowd to disperse, but they became even angrier and the front
ranks of the crowd tried to surround the soldiers. Lewis Lewis was hoisted onto the shoulders of some of the crowd and called for the soldiers to be disarmed by the rioters.The front ranks of the crowd surged forward and threw clubs and rocks at them and even managed to disarm some.
Soldiers fired into the crowd gathered around the Castle Hotel and over
16 rioters were killed and a great many others wounded, later to die of
their injuries. Many injustices were committed by the authorities on
that day. Not one of the soldiers received a bullet wound and the crowd
was largely completely unarmed.The street outside Castle Hotel was said to have been running with blood,
women were screaming and desperately looking for their husbands and
sons.
The authorities were certain that this was not the end of the rioting
and they moved their headquarters to a safer position at Penydarren
House.That night the rioters searched for weapons ready for an attack the
next day. They also sent word to the Monmouthshire ironworks in an
attempt to obtain furher support.By the 4th of June, more troops including the Eastern Glamorgan Corps
of Yeomanry Cavalry and the Royal Glamorgan Militia had arrived in
Merthyr. A troop of the Swansea Yeomanry Cavalry (under a Major Penrice) on
arrival at Hirwaun, were ambushed when they stopped to rest, being
greeted in an apparently friendly manner, but were soon surrounded,
their weapons seized and they were forced to retreat to Swansea, where
they re-armed and joined the Fairwood Troop for the march back to
Merthyr.
A similar ambush was laid at Cefn Coed y Cymmer to stop ammunition being delivered from Brecon.
The Cardiff Troop of Glamorgan Yeomanry Cavalry (under Captain
Moggridge) sent out to assist in the passage of the ammunition, was
forced to retreat, being fired upon by the rioters and having rocks
hurled at them from the hills above. Another troop of 100 Central Glamorgan Yeomanry (under Major
Rickards) was sent to assist but were unable to break through the mob.
However Moggridge and the Cardiff Troop managed to
bring the wagons safely to Merthyr by a different route but despite meeting various deputations from the rioters the ironmasters had not managed to pursuade them to disperse.
On Sunday the 5th of June, delegations were sent to the Monmouthshire
Iron Towns to raise further support for the riots and on on the 6th of
June, a crowd of around 12,000 or more marched along the heads of the
valleys from Monmouthshire to meet the Merthyr Rioters at the Waun
Common.
The authorities decided that rather than wait for this mob to attack
them they would take the initiative, and 110 Highlanders, 53 Royal
Glamorgan Light Infantry Militia and 300 Glamorgan Yeomanry Cavalry were
despatched to stop the marchers at Cefn Coed.
Josiah John Guest tried to address the crowd but to no avail, the
Riot Act was read but had no effect, and then the Highlanders and
Militia were ordered to level their muskets at the mob and the Yeomanry
to draw their sabres. Words of command were given clearly and slowly so that the mob could hear them.With this the crowd gradually dispersed, only a hardcore remaining. Eventually they too gave way. No blood was spilled that day.
After the uprising on the evening of the 6th of June the authorities began raiding houses and arrested 18 of the rebel leaders. Lewis Lewis was found hiding in a wood near Hirwaun and a
large force of soldiers escorted him in irons to Cardiff Prison to await
trial.
The rising at Merthyr caused shockwaves through the British
Government, and it was decided that at swift, strong action must be taken against the ringleaders of this movement. The trials began on the 13th of July at the Cardiff Assizes. 28 men and women were tried, 23 of them ironworkers
(12 colliers , 2 women, 2 shoemakers and one blacksmith).
John Phelps, David Hughes, Thomas Vaughan and David Thomas were all
found guilty of attacks on the houses of Thomas Wiliams and/or Thomas
Lewis. Phelps was sentenced to transportation for 14 years, the others were sentenced to death
(but with a recommendation for transportation for life instead).
Wounding a soldier received the death
penalty, but soldiers could kill with no questions asked as long as the
Riot Act had been read. Lewis Lewis and Richard Lewis (Dic Penderyn) a local miner, were charged with
attempting to murder a soldier, a Donald Black of the 93rd Highland
Regiment, by stabbing him with a bayonet attached to a gun outside the
Castle Inn on the 3rd June. They were both sentenced to death.
Joseph Tregelles Price, A quaker Ironmaster from Neath, took up the
case of Dic Penderyn and Lewis Lewis, and presented a petition to
Parliament to have them transported instead. There was no evidence that Dic played any substantial part in the rising at all unlike Lewis who was definitely involved, and in fact manypeople stated on oath that Penderyn was not
even present when Black was attacked, and that they also knew who had actually carried out the attack,
Lord Melbourne, the Home Secretary, reprieved
Lewis Lewis, who was certainly one of those who were most responsible
for the riots, and accused of inciting others towards revolution and he was subsequently transported to Australia for the rest of his life, but would not even
consider reprieving Penderyn, and sought to make an example out of him, who was clearly seen to have been much
less involved. Many believe that the reason, Penderyn was chosen to be hanged, was precisely because he wasn't one of the leaders, but a typical worker in the town and was simply targeted to show all other workers what would be in store for them if they stepped out of line.
Richard Lewis (Dic Penderyn) was taken from his cell at Cardiff
Prison at Dawn on the 13th of August 1831, to the gallows at St.Mary
Street, Cardiff and was executed before a large crowd, despite the appeal of thousands of people for his life. After he was cut down, his body was transported across the Vale of
Glamorgan by his fellow workers and friends, where he was finally buried
outside the chapel walls in his home town.
(convicted criminals were not permitted to be buried in consecrated ground).
Thousands of people had lined the route as word of his execution had spread throughout Wales.
Dic Penderyn was believed to have been innocent of the crime
for which he was executed, and many people over the years submitted
petitions to the Home Office for a posthumous pardon, for the man who
is still seen as, and will always be revered as the first Martyr of the
Welsh working class people.
He is remembered as a symbol of the working man who died protesting against oppression and is commemorated in books and songs. A memorial was unveiled outside the library in Merthyr Tydfil by the General Secretary of the TUC in 1977.
Outside the market on St Mary Street, Cardiff near the spot where he was
executed, you will find a plaque in commemoration of his execution. To
the last he protested his innocence, and his final words in Welsh were
an anguished cry at injustice.
“O Arglwydd, dyma gamwedd” “O Lord what an iniquity” he shouted, as the hangman’s noose was tightened.
In 1874, the Wetern Mail reported that a man named Ianto Parker confessed on his death bed that he stabbed the soldier and then fled to America fearing capture by the authorities, thus exonerating Dic Penderyn. Another man named James Abbott, who testified against Penderyn at the trial, also later admitted that he lied under oath.
Yes Dic Penderyn was the innocent martyr and deserves recognition for this, but it was Lewis Lewis, who was the de facto leader of the workers uprising in Merthyr and also deserves recognition as a true working class hero.
The Merthyr Rising of 1831 still resonates in both Welsh and British
working-class history. As Marxist historian Gwyn Alf Williams
https://teifidancer-teifidancer.blogspot.com/2016/09/gwyn-alf-williams-30-0925-161195.html argued,
this was in no small part to Dic Penderyn himself, the Welsh
working-class’s first popular martyr. The story of thousands of workers
coming together to fight their bosses and rulers continued to inspire
future generations, and that the events of 1831 in Merthyr were central to the emergence of a
working class in south Wales:in that year its pre-history came to an end
and its history began.
There is no doubt in the aftermath of the rising it changed Welsh history with the growth of militancy among the workers of South Wales, with many workers joining trade unions to fight collectively for their rights. Resistance became more organised and militant newspapers flourished.The resistance articulated itself through the Chartist movement,
which armed workers for the strike waves of the early 20th century.
Unlike events like the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 in Manchester where an unarmed
crowd was dispersed by soldiers. the Merthyr Rising has been airbrushed
out of history, apart from amongst socialists and labour movement activists in Wales. But fittingly, a group of socialists and trade unionists local to Merthyr
came together, inspired by festivals such as Tolpuddle and
the Durham Miners’ Gala, to create the
Merthyr Rising Festival in honour of all those who fought in 1831. It was also from this Rising that the red flag spread across the world as a symbol of the socialist and communist movement, inspiring Jim Connell's lyrics in
The Red Flag itself:
The people’s flag is deepest red,
It shrouded oft our martyred dead,
And ere their limbs grew stiff and cold,
Their hearts’ blood dyed its ev’ry fold.
Sources;
Gwyn Alf Williams - The Merthyr Rising, University of Wales Press
https://teifidancer-teifidancer.blogspot.com/2016/06/cofiwch-dic-penderyn-remember-dic.html
https://libcom.org/library/1831-merthyr-tydfil-uprising?fbclid=IwAR2kZ5gMGJHat0duJCA6tOxct0caGqwmKMr5pqlU9dGqUA8wdT6OCoxEc6U
