Wednesday, 26 January 2022

Remembering George ' al-Hakim ' Habash, Palestinian Revolutionary (1/8/25 - 26/1/08)

 

Today I remember George Habash, the refugee doctor and founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and a revered leader of the Palestinian liberation movement, died on January 26, 2008 in Amman, Jordan. The cause of death was reported to be a heart attack.
Born on August 1, 1925  into a prosperous  family of Greek Orthodox merchants, in Lydda, Palestine, then under  control of the British Mandate,when Palestinians were facing the materialization of the colonial settler project known today as Israel. 
His father was Nicholas Habash, a well-known businessman; his mother’s name was Tuhfa. He had six siblings: Rizq, Phoutine, Elaine, Angele, Najah, and Salwa. His wife, Hilda Habash, was his cousin; she accompanied him throughout his career and was his lifelong comrade at all stages of his of struggle. He had two children, Maysa and Lama.
Habash completed his elementary education in Lydda and then moved to the National Orthodox College in Jaffa for his secondary education; he received his matriculation certificate at Terra Sancta College in Jerusalem.
Habash returned to Jaffa where he worked as a teacher. He was then barely sixteen years old. The general atmosphere in Palestine was charged with anger and fear due to the policies of the British Mandate and the increasing acts of terrorism by Zionist gangs like the Haganah, the Irgun, and the Stern.
In 1944 Habash was admitted to the medical school of the American University of Beirut. He was an exceptional student who divided his university years between his study and his numerous hobbies such as athletics, art, and music in addition to cultural and political activities. The latter assumed growing importance especially in light of events in Palestine and the UN Partition Resolution issued in November 1947.
The dominant influence on his thought and nationalist identity came from contact with the thought and teachings of Arab history professor Constantine Zurayk. Dr. Zurayk was a secular Arab unionist, nationalist, and liberal thinker. During this period the university was full of Arab students from all the Arab countries who carried with them their national concerns and dreams. Their meeting place was the cultural student society al-Urwa al-Wuthqa. Zurayk was its spiritual father, and Habash was elected its general secretary for the academic year 1949–50.
The real turning point in Habash’s life during his university years was the Nakba of 1948, as one Palestinian city, town, and village after another fell to the Zionist forces and its inhabitants were expelled. Habash cut short his medical studies and in June 1948 went to Lydda, his hometown, where he joined a medical clinic and acted as an assistant to the surgeon who was treating the wounded civilians and defenders of the town. Lydda and neighboring Ramla fell to the Zionists on 11 July 1948. Its inhabitants (some sixty thousand) were expelled and forced under gunfire to walk toward the interior of the country. Habash, his parents, and his siblings were among those expelled. He treated the old, the women, and the children who fell by the wayside.
Dr. Habash attended Anglican school and then public school in al-Lydd during his early education; he then studied at the Orthodox school in Yafa, before secondary school in Jerusalem. He completed high school in 1942. During his childhood years, he was deeply influenced by the situation in Palestine, including the Palestinian revolution which took place between 1936 and 1939 
Years later, Habash was to observe:“It is a sight I shall never forget. Thousands of human beings expelled from their homes, running, crying, shouting in terror. After seeing such a thing, you cannot but become a revolutionary”.
Having fled to Beirut, Habash pursued his studies in pediatric medicine at the American University of Beirut and graduated first in his class in 1951. The same year he was arrested after a demonstration. In 1952, he founded the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) with Wsdi Haddad  (a Palestinian), Ahmad al-Khatib (a Kuwaiti), and Hani al-Hindi (a Syrian).
Determined to spread the movement abroad, Habash opened a Clinic of the People and a school for Palestinian refugees in Amman at the end of 1952. He remained there until 1957 .Active during the events of 1956-57 in Jordan, he went underground in April 1957 after the proclamation of martial law by King Husayn. Convicted in absentia, he fled to Syria after it had joined with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic (UAR).
Attracted like many Arab nationalists to the ideas of Jamal Abd al-Nasir, he looked to extend the influence of the ANM to different Arab countries. For him, contrary to the cadres who formed Fatah, Arab unity was the engine of the liberation of Palestine. The Syrian secession from the UAR in 1961 and the subsequent return of the Ba'th to power in that country forced Habash to take refuge in Beirut. In April 1964, he created, within the ANM, a regional command for Palestine that regrouped the Palestinian members of the organization.
Following the 1967 war when Israel conquered the West Bank, Gaza and parts of Egypt and Syria, Dr. Habash founded the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a Marxist-Leninist party. The program of the PFLP calls for the establishment of a democratic, secular and socialist state in all of Palestine.In its December 1967 founding statement, the PFLP declared: 
 
“The masses are the authority, the guide, and the resistance leadership from which victory will be achieved in the end. It is necessary to recruit the popular masses and mobilise them as active participants and leaders . . .

“The only language that the enemy understands is the language of revolutionary violence . . .

“The slogan of our masses must be resistance until victory, rooted in the heart with our feet planted on the ground in deep commitment to our land. Today, the Popular Front is hailing our masses with this call. This is the appeal. We must repeat it every day, through every breakthrough bullet and the fall of each martyr, that the land of Palestine today belongs to all the masses. Every area of our land belongs to our masses who have defended it against the presence of the usurper, every piece of land, every rock and stone, our masses will not abandon one inch of them because they belong to the legions of the poor and hungry and displaced persons . . .

“The struggle of the Palestinian people is linked with the struggle of the forces of revolution and progress in the world, the format of the coalition that we face requires a corresponding . . . coalition including all the forces of anti-imperialism in every part of the world.”

The PFLP grew to be the second-largest faction in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).The PFLP was opposed to any Arab concession to Israel because Israel was not ready to reciprocate. It was equally uncompromising toward the West and conservative Arab regimes, both of whom, together with Israel, were the enemies of the Palestinian people and their struggle for liberation.
Under Habash’s leadership, the PFLP forged close and active ties of combat solidarity with national liberation movements in all parts of the world – the ANC in South Africa, the Sandinistas in Nicaragua, and the Irish Republican Movement, to name but a few, embracing training, material assistance, joint operations and moral encouragement.
In 1968 Habash received an invitation from the Syrian authorities, which turned out to be a trap. He was arrested and charged with forming paramilitary cells. He spent 10 months in the worst prison in Syria, the Shaykh Hasan prison, where he suffered considerable mental torture. In prison, he devoted his time to reading the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Ho Chi Minh, and Mao, gaining deeper insights into Marxism. He was sprung out of prison by his comrade Wadi Haddad, who organized an escape that was startling in its boldness.
In 1969, Habash moved secretly to Jordan to join the resistance groups taking shape there in guerrilla bases following the defeat of the regular armies in 1967. In the years that followed, guerrilla activity from Jordan against the occupying forces inside Palestine steadily increased.
Under Wadi Haddad’s supervision, the PFLP adopted, in addition to armed struggle, the tactic of hijacking Israeli and western airliners (while attempting not to harm passengers) as a means to draw world attention to the two tragedies of 1948 and 1967 and to place the suffering of the Palestinian people squarely on the agenda of pro-Israeli western capitals and the international fora.
Soon, escalating guerrilla activities, violent Israeli reactions, and the irresponsible behavior of some Palestinian factions led to increased tension between the Palestinian armed groups and Jordanian security forces. In 1970, Dr. Haddad organized the hijacking of three western jumbo jet airliners; they were landed in a desert airfield in Jordan, the passengers and crew were evacuated, and the planes were blown up. This incident led to armed clashes between the Jordanian army and security forces and the Palestinian guerrillas in Jordan. Fighting moved from Amman to the forests of Jarash, where battles raged until the end of 1971. Thereafter the Palestinian fighters and their commanders withdrew to Lebanon.
On the personal level Habash suffered a near-fatal heart attack in 1972 and a severe brain hemorrhage in 1980 with which he coped through strength of will. In 1972 the Israeli Mossad murdered his close friend, the novelist and PFLP spokesman, Ghassan Kanafani, by placing a bomb beneath his car seat in Beirut and in 1978 the Mossad used poison to murder his lifelong friend and comrade Wadi Haddad. These two events traumatized Habash, who had barely escaped assassination himself: in 1973 the Mossad hijacked a Middle East Airlines plane on which Habash was a scheduled passenger but did not board because of a last minute precautionary security measure. 
At the organizational level, the PFLP announced in 1972 that it had abandoned the tactic of hijacking planes; by then it, like other Palestinian groups, became increasingly mired in Lebanese politics. A game of alliances and balancing among the political forces in Lebanon led to a split into two major camps, the one supporting and the other opposing guerrilla activities against Israel. In 1975, a vicious civil war erupted in Lebanon. Israel very quickly exploited the new situation and worked to fan the flames, using the opportunity provided by its interim agreement with Egypt (Sinai II Agreement, September 1975) and then by the Peace Treaty (March 1979). 
 Egyptian-Israeli relations, in particular the separate peace, constituted by far the most important regional developments in that period, because it removed the strongest Arab military power from the Arab-Israeli equation. Together with other nationalist groups, the PFLP forcefully opposed these developments.
The Egyptian move greatly contributed to Israel’s decision in 1982 to invade Lebanon and lay the siege to Beirut. The siege, a first for an Arab capital, lasted eighty-eight days during which the city was bombarded continuously by land, sea, and air. It ended when the international community intervened, resulting in the withdrawal of the Palestinian military forces, administrative cadres, and leadership from Lebanon.
Habash left Beirut with the PLO led by Yasir Arafat, but, instead of joining Arafat in Tunis, he headed to Syria, convinced of the need to continue the struggle against the Israeli occupiers from a front-line state, irrespective of the challenges involved. So he sailed from Beirut with the other fighters but left the ship at the Syrian port of Tartus and from there headed to Damascus. He chose Damascus as his residence and as the headquarters of the PFLP throughout the eighties, making e a number of trips to Arab and foreign capitals. During that decade, he took active part in the meetings of the Palestine National Council held in Algiers—the sixteenth (1983), the eighteenth (1987) and nineteenth sessions (1988) —where he urged continued resistance.
During this period Habash was once again the subject of another hijacking attempt by the Israelis. In February 1986, Israel’s air force intercepted a private jet bound from Tripoli (Libya) to Damascus. Habash, scheduled to fly on that plane, had cancelled his reservation at the very last minute.
In 1993 he  opposed to the Oslo Agreement warning that it particularly targeted a central issue of the Palestinian national movement, the right to return. In 1994 and 1995, he called for internal and external meetings for Palestinian leaders and activists in exile, to launch campaigns and establish al-Awda committees and right to return organizations everywhere possible in order to protect this vital and central right for Palestinian refugees in light of the new threat posed by Oslo and its effects.,
 Habash contributed to the organization of the Damascus-based opposition, included for the first time Islamist organizations outside the PLO, Hamas and Islamic Jihad.
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine convened its sixth conference in 2000, in which Dr. Habash participated, delivering his last address as General Secretary, before declaring his resignation from the post. He did this, providing an example for allowing the transfer of leadership within an organization through its democratic processes, which he upheld as a value that strengthened, rather than weakened, organizations and movements. The Front elected Abu Ali Mustafa to succeed Dr. Habash as General Secretary. From 2000 through 2008, Dr. Habash established the al-Ghad al-Arabi center for studies and lived in Amman near his daughters and family
Remaining intransigent, affectionately called al-Hakim ("the Doctor" or "the Sage"), George Habash was known for his towering intellect who never wavered in his beliefs until the end, he  maintained a great amount of respect among Palestinians, notably for his consistent refusal to align his organization with any Arab regime and for his revolutionary zeal in pursuing his goal of liberating Palestine. All major Palestinian parties and organizations hailed Dr. Habash,  as an historic leader of the Palestinian struggle. 
A Marxist, a Christian and a Palestinian, upon Habash’s death, he was eulogized by various statesmen and politicians and the  Palestinian Authority declared three days of national mourning and the Palestinian flag lowered to half-mast in recognition of this great leader. The PFLP deputy Secretary-General, Abdel Raheem Mallouh, called Habash an ‘historic leader’ and Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh described him as having ‘spent his life defending Palestine’
In his obituary in ‘The Guardian’, Habash is cited as widely being known as ‘the conscience of the Palestine revolution'.The  BBC labeled him “Palestinian radical”. However the NY Times described him as a “Palestinian Terrorism Tactician”.
 Overall, George Habash will be remembered most of all for his upstanding character. Truly, he was completely and utterly incorruptible. The Saudi, Qatari, Kuwaiti, Jordanian, Emirati, Moroccan and (then-Saddam-ruled) Iraqi regimes all tossed money at him in hopes of swaying and controlling him. He never took a penny. Indeed, the Arab dictatorships – all in the pay of Washington and “Tel Aviv” – despised him with every fiber of their slave-like beings. The people of Resistance throughout Palestine  and the Diaspora, especially in the Palestinian refugee camps… Adored him. This alone should tell you anything and everything you need to know about the man and what kind of human being he was a major Arab Revolutionary of our times,
Not too long before he passed away, Habash said, “You’ll see that the day will come soon when these borders will fall and Arab unity will be achieved.”
He was mourned by Palestinian’s the world over after he was lain to rest after an open casket funeral at a Greek Orthodox Church in Amman, Jordan Jan. 28. 2008. His funeral was attended by prominent Palestinian leaders, friends, family, and comrades such as his daughters and his widow Hilda Habash, longtime friend and comrade Leila Khaled, DFLP leader Nayef Hawatmeh, PFLP politburo leader Maher Taher, Israeli Knesset member Ahmad Tibi, head of the Palestinian National Council Saleem al-Za’anoun and Fatah leader Faruq Qaddumi,.
He remains an example of steadfastness and revolutionary mind, who gave to the Palestinian people the means to confront the occupation  of their land. Al-Hakim. once famously said, “Palestine. All of Palestine. From the River to the Sea.” It is sad that he died without seeing either of his dreams materialising, Arab unity or an end to the suffering of the Palestinian people, I long with many others hope that day comes one day soon,

“There are men who struggle for a day and they are good.
There are men who struggle for a year and they are better.
There are men who struggle many years, and they are better still.
But there are those who struggle all their lives:
These are the indispensable ones”
(Bertolt Brecht, )

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