On this day November 11, 1887 four
anarchists were executed in Chicago,wrongly convicted and framed for throwing a
bomb at a demonstration.The Haymarket Square demonstration took place on May 4, 1886. A day after police had killed
four striking workers,injuring several others protestors. This was a
time of violent repression by the police. The demonstrators were calling
for greater power and economic security, standing against capitalism,
calling for an eight hour day and to protest about the increased
brutality and violence of the police.
At the May 4th meeting a number of radical and anarchist speakers
addressed a crowd of over 3,000 people. The meeting was peaceful but
the mood became more confrontational when the police tried to disperse
the crowd. As scuffles broke out, someone who has never been positively
identified threw a bomb at police lines. (some have since claimed was
an agent provocateur in the pay of the authorities to try and stoke up
division.) The bomb landed and exploded unleashing shrapnel. One officer
was killed and several were wounded. The police responded by drawing
their weapons and firing into the panicked crowd. Seven policemen
were killed, most likely from police bullets fired in the chaos, not
from the bomb itself. Four civilians were also killed and more than
hundred persons injured.
The aftermath created widespread hysteria, further repression and a
national wave of xenophobia, as hundreds of foreign born radicals and
labor leaders were rounded up in Chicago and elsewhere in what is seen
as the first great political witch hunt and frame up trial, used as an
excuse to crack gown on the entire labor movement. Inevitably
anarchists were rounded up, and treated to what today would be termed
rough justice,
A grand jury eventually indicted 31 suspected labor radicals in
connection with the bombing, and eight anarchist leaders from the
revolutionary syndicalist tradition were convicted of instigating
violence and conspiring to commit murder. in a controversial trial,
despite lack of evidence and no connection to the actual bomb. The
judge, Judge Gary, gave one of the most shameful performances that this
country has ever seen, and it has seen plenty from its judges. He
helped choose the jury,to make sure it would convict. He questioned men
who stated they had already formed an opinion about the case, and had
definite prejudices against Anarchists, Socialists and all radicals.
He
imposed the death sentence on seven of the men, and the eighth was
sentenced to 15 years in prison.In what is seen as a racist show
trial, which like all kangaroo courts was a travesty of justice. Many
of the accused not even present when the incident took place.
These men have since become known as the Haymarket Martyrs, Albert
Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer and George Engel who were tried
and convicted and executed for their political beliefs, not for their
actions on May 3th.
When their time came Engels, Parsons and Spies were taken to the gallows in white robes and hood. They sang the Marsellaise then the anthem of the international movement. According to witnesses, in the moments before the men were hanged, Albert Spies shouted," The time will come when our silence, will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today!"
They did not immediately die when they dropped, but strangled to deathsowly, slowly. a sight which left many visibly shaken.
The
Haymarket affair is now generally considered significant as the origin
of the International May Day observances for workers, when in July
1889, a delegate from the American Federation of Labor recommended at a
Labor conference in Paris that May 1 be set aside as International
Labour Day in memory of the Haymarket martyrs and the injustice metered
out to them, and has become a powerful reminder of the international
struggle for workers rights, that I for one try not to forget.
Rather than suppressing labor and radical movements the events of 1886 and the execution of the Chicago Anarchists,
actually
mobilised and galvanised a new generation of radicals and
revolutionaries. Emma Goldman a young immigrant at the time later
pointed to the Haymarket affair as her political birth. Lucy Parsons
widow of Albert Parsons , called up on the poor to direct their anger at
those responsible - the rich.
actually mobilised and galvanised a new generation of radicals and revolutionaries. Emma Goldman a young immigrant at the time later pointed to the Haymarket affair as her political birth. Lucy Parsons widow of Albert Parsons , called up on the poor to direct their anger at those responsible - the rich. With the following link you can read the enduring brief autobiography of Albert Parsons, Haymarket martyr, written from prison, it's well worth it. http://www.anarkismo.net/article/31404.I
Following the Haymarket affair, trial and executions, August Spies,
Adolph Fischer, George Engel, Lous Lingg and Albert Parsons were buried
at the German Waldheim Cemetery (later merged with Forest Home
Cemetery).The Pioneer Aid and Support Association organized a subscription for a
funeral monument. In 1893, the Haymarket Martyrs' Monument by
sculptor Albert Weinhert was raised at Waldheim. It consists of a
16-foot-high granite shaft capped by a carved triangular stone. There is
a two step base, which also supports a monumental figure of a woman
standing over the body of a fallen worker, both in bronze. It was
dedicated on June 25, 1893, after a march from Chicago. The inscription
on the steps read, "1887," the year of the executions. Also, there is the quote attributed to Spies, recorded just before his execution by
hanging."The day will come when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you are throttling today,"
On the back of the monument are
listed the names of the men. On the top of the monument, a bronze plaque
contains text of the pardon later issued by Illinois governor John
Peter Altgeld.
The dedication ceremony was attended by 8000, with union flags and
the American flag draped on the monument. European unions and American
organizations sent flowers to be placed, As an important political monument it represents a symbol of resistance for all those concerned with radical politics in general and the history of the working class in particular. Buried near and around the monument are an impressive list of historical personages., including Lucy Parsons, Elizabeth Gurley Fllynn an Emma Goldman to name only a few.
For
decades after, anarchists the world over held tributes for the Haymarket Martyrs every November 11th. One of the most eloquent commemorators of the Haymarket Martyrs was the American poet and anarchist Voltarine de Cleyre,
She herself is buried near their graves in Waldheim. In
the excerpts below, from a speech she gave on November 11, 1899, de
Cleyre evokes with vivid and powerful imagery the ideas for which the
Haymarket Martyrs paid with their lives. For anarchists, it is not the
red or the white poppy which symbolizes the sacrifices people have made
for freedom and justice, but the Black rose, allusions to which are made by de Cleyre at the end of her speech..
Chicago, November 11, 1899:
"Greater love hath no man known than this, that he give up his life for his friend.
We are they to whom was given that utterest of love — we, into whose
ears there came a crying through the wilderness of poverty and shame and
pain, a wind through the desert from the Land of Promise; voices that
said: ‘It is not right that you should hunger, it is not just that you
should be denied one of the glories of this earth. The world is wide: it
is not reason that you should bury yourselves in a narrow den and see
the earth from behind a cave mouth, while a bird that you could grasp in
your hand, so, is free to cross the continent and pick its food where
it lists. It is not fairness that the thing you have made should be
taken from you by the hand that did not make it, and you be left with
nothing but the smut and smell and memory of the torture of its making.
It is insane that men should rot for want of things and things for want
of men; insane that millions of creatures should huddle together till
they choke while millions of acres of land lie desolate; insane that one
should pour down his throat the labor of hundreds in a single night,
and those hundreds always near the gateway of famine. It is criminal to
believe that the mass of us are to be dumb animals, with nothing before
us all our lives but eating, sleeping and toiling at the best, with all
the light and loveliness of nature and of art an unknown realm of
delight to us to which we may look only as the outcast at Eden. It is
stupid to allege, still more stupid to believe, that you who are able to
do all the hard things of this world, to burrow and dig and hammer and
build, to be cramped and choked and beaten and killed for others, are
not able to win all for yourselves.
‘You are not helpless if you do not will to be, you workers who labor
and do not share; you need not be the ever-tricked dupes of
politicians, who promise what it is not in their power to perform, and
perform what their buyers order them to; you have only to learn your own
power to help yourselves, only to learn the solidarity of the interests
of all those who work, only to learn to trust yourselves to take your
rights, by no indirection, through no intermediary, but openly on the
spot where they are denied from the one who denies them — and having
taken,
keep. The wealth and the love and the beauty of this earth
are yours, when you are ready to take them; you are no beggars at your
brothers’ table: children of one plenteous board, there is enough for
all and none need want.
‘Do they tell you to look to the kingdom of God? We tell you to look
to the kingdom of this world; for, verily, men have looked long enough
to post mortem justice, and thereby only supported another injustice,
the trade in salvation, and buying and selling of heaven. They tell you
there have always been rich and poor, and that what has always been
always must be. It is not true that there have always been rich and
poor; neither is it true that what has always been must always be. Men
and the societies of men are creatures of their conditions, responsive
to the pressure upon them from without, like all other things, and not
only liable to change but bound to change. Every age finds its own
adjustment. There have been times and places wherein all men were poor,
as we should think them now, yet no injustice done, for all shared
alike. There have been whole races of men with indefinite history behind
them, who never knew mine and thine. They have passed away, people and
system together, with the method of making a living. And Property, with
all its varying forms of attendant slavery, has come into existence in
response to the irresistible demand for a change to suit new methods of
production — and as it had to come so it will have to go.
The Spirit of Anarchy
It is impossible it should continue; for under this plethora of
products turned out by the newer methods, Property has lost its power to
balance Man and the Thing. Shoved out by the tireless, flying steel
hands, piled in great masses, products accumulate; the toiler at the
base is flattened under the weight which Property makes it impossible to
distribute. The mountain of riches crushes its creator; men and things
alike waste. It cannot go on. The dead weight cannot forever press down
the living energy: in the end distribution must come. Out from its
burrow comes writhing a distorted, mangled, bruised, and bleeding figure
—misshapen, ugly, black, covered with hell-light: suffocated, gasping,
it struggles on to its feet at last, wipes the blood and sweat out of
its eyes, gives a wild stare at this mountain of gold and glass and
glitter it has made, catches a brief vision of the dwellers on the
mountain, and with a mad cry leaps upon the thing to destroy it. He is a
giant still: has he not, down there in the underground, been through
the blows that temper and fires that try? Maimed and lamed, there is
brawn in him yet; seared and numbed he can yet feel for a white throat.
The hand that hammered the bolts has a wild grasp in it still, that lays
hold and wrenches apart more desperately than it put together. The
mountain is levelled, and —
he begins again.
‘
He is the Revolution, and he is a fool
. For he will need to make and destroy, make and destroy, until he
destroys the institution which makes accumulation possible. He! Why
‘he’? You, working people, you are that fool. You are he who scoops the
sea and dies in the desert for a cup of water. You are he who piles that
mountain of wealth, and finds nothing better to do with it when it
crushes him thereafter than to set fire to it.
‘But listen, Fool, there is something better for you. This thing,
Property, is not the final word of the human intellect with regard to
the distribution of wealth. Beyond the smoke-edge of this frightful
battle of Man and Machine, what lies? The ideal of Communism: perpetual
freedom of access to natural sources of wealth, never to be denied by
Man to his brother Man. Perpetual claim on the common wealth of the
ages, never to be denied to the living by the dead. Perpetual claim upon
the satisfactions of all common needs of the human body, never to be
denied to the living
by the living. Beyond the smoke wreath of
the battle, what lies? Days of labor that are sweet, men and women doing
the work that nature calls them to, that in which they delight —
laboring at a
chosen service, not one into which they have been
forced; working and resting at reasonable hours, sleeping when the earth
sleeps, not driven out into the darkness, like an unloved child, to
turn night into day, and cripple the overdriven body by unnatural hours
of pleasure stolen from sleep. Chosen toil, room, recreation, sleep —
these, poor outcast animal, Man, are to be yours! Beyond the smoke-rim
of the battle, what lies? The death of cities, the people resurgent upon
the land, the desert blossoming into homes, the air and light of nature
once more sending their strength through nerve and vein, and with it
the lost power to feel the joy of existence, the realization that one is
something more than flesh to feed and sleep — a creature of colors and
sounds and lights, with as keen an ear for a bird’s song, as ready an
eye for a tint of cloud, as any woodsman in the older days; a creature
with as fine a taste for pictures and books and statuary and music, ay,
and with a hand to execute them too, as any man who lives today upon
your sweat, buys his library with your dribbled blood, and condenses the
flesh that has vanished from your bones into the marble which adorns
his alcoves.
‘Beyond the smoke-haze of the battle, what lies? Life, life! Not
existence — life, that has been denied to you, life that has ever been
reserved to your masters, the broad world and all its pleasant places,
and all its pleasant things.’
This was the cry that came to us, and we listened and heard. We
followed the crying voices through these wildernesses of brick and
stone; for it was a fair hope, and who would not wish to dream it true?
None but the masters, and they were afraid; they clamored for
suppression of the voices; ‘Let not these work-cattle of ours get this
vision of Man,’ they said, ‘else they will cease to be beasts, and we…?’
Of all the political trials that ever outraged the forms even of
legal justice to say nothing of the spirit, it has remained to republics
to give the worst. If the Czar of Russia wishes an example of
despotism, let him look to America. Here it is that we shoot men for
marching on the highway and hang them for preaching ideas.
Yes, it is all fresh in our memories — fresh as that bitter November
day twelve years ago when Parsons, Fischer, Engel, Spies waited within
for the signal of doom, while without a helpless mother and wife plead
for the keeping of a broken promise to the heartless cordon of the ‘law’
around the sullen hole of death; plead for the last clasp of the hand
that in an hour could clasp no more, the last look from the eyes that
would die and never know whose promise it was that had been broken;
fresh as the memory of the singing voice that went up in the night and
gloom calling sweetly, ‘she’s a’ the world to me’; fresh as the memory
of the lifted hand and the voice repeating,
This hand is as steady
As when, in the old days,
It plucked the already
Ripe fruit from Life’s tree;
fresh as the memory of the deathless words:
The time will come when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today.
Long live Anarchy: this is the happiest moment of my life.
Will I be allowed to speak, O men of America? Let me speak, Sheriff Matson! Let the voice of the people be heard! O — ;
fresh as the memory of the gallows and trap and the swinging, dying
bodies; fresh as the memory of him, the beautiful one, the brave,
defiant one [Louis Lingg] who took his death not waiting for your
hangman and from his poor mangled dying throat whispered hoarsely at the
end, ‘Long live Anarchy!’
Fresh and fresh, and forever fresh, O rulers of the world, the memory
of the deed you did that day! Green in our hearts as the holly at Yule —
doubt not ye shall be remembered, doubt not ye shall be paid! With what
measure ye mete unto others it shall be meted back unto you again. No
item of the record shall escape. Shall we not recall the tricks that
were done to turn the tide of sympathy which welled up, when terror and
cowardice were abating, and decent human nature began to assert itself?
Have we not before our eyes the picture of petition-tables overturned in
the streets? In our ears the edict of Mayor Roach, ‘No public
discussion of the Anarchist case, no singing of the
Marseillaise’?
Do we not remember the four ‘bombs’ found in Ling’s cell conjured
through the stone walls and deposited there by Anarchist magic! It is
all remembered: we know you are our creditors still! Perhaps you would
have interest: it is one of your institutions!
And what did you accomplish? You struck a welding blow that beat the
hearts of the working people of the world together. You lifted out of
the obscurity of the common man five names, and set them as beacons upon
a hill. You sent the word Anarchy ringing through every workshop. You
gave us a manifold crucifixion, and dignified what had been a
speculative theory with the sacrificial cast of a religion. In the heart
of this black slag heap of grime and crime you have made a sacred
place, for in it you lopped off an arm from the Cross and gave us the
Gallows.
And if it were given us to see tonight the thoughts of men made
visible, we should behold the grave at Waldheim in the heart of a star
whose rays shot inward from the uttermost earth. Ay, they are streaming
over many waters, and out of strange lands where the English tongue is
never spoken — they, the invisible phantoms that pass in the darkness,
less of substance than the wind that floats the November leaf, but
mightier than all the powers that ever mowed the human grass when
governments went reaping! They are pouring in tonight, the intangible
dreams that bind masses of men together in the bond of the ideal — a
bond that ties tighter than all bonds of flesh; for it makes that one
shall look into a stranger’s eye and know him for his own; shall hear a
word from the antipodes, and hold it for a brother’s voice; shall ask no
name nor station nor race nor country nor religion, but put himself
beside his fellow-worker, needing no question since he knows that
other’s labors and would be free. A surge of comradeship sweeping over
the earth this night, the chant of rebellious voices singing the
storm-song of the peoples, an earth-circle of reverberations from those
lips that are dead — ‘Long live Anarchy’, rung out this hour from
platforms in every great city in the United States, England, France,
Australia; talked low in Italy and Spain and Germany; whispered in the
cellars of Russia, the cells of Siberia! And murmured on the lonely
islands where our prisoned comrades rot away, the words, ‘Twelve years
ago today they hanged our comrades in Chicago, and the debt is yet
unpaid’.
Ay, it is growing, growing — your fear-word, our fire-word,
Anarchy.
Lean your ear to the wind and you will hear it, the never-dying,
never finished speech, denied, choked by you that shameless day.
A warmer sanguine glows on the world’s communal flag, stamped
out, stamped
in, by you — the blood of the Rose of Death. "
Voltairine de Cleyre
Published in
Free Society, November 26, 1899
In 1938 , fifty-two years after the Haymarket riot , workdays in the United States were legally made eight hours by the Fair Labor Standards Act. It is up to us to keep the memory of the Haymarket martyrs alive. to learn the lessons of their struggle so that they did not die in vain, acting as enduring symbols of labors struggles for justice. May we remember the Haymarket Martyrs and remember the violence the state perpetuates against those who resist.
The Anarchist Black Rose
