Emma Goldman the legendary writer, feminist and anarchist was born on this day the 27th of June 1869 into a Jewish ghetto in Kovna, a western corner of the Russian Empire. Due to her gender religion, and her family’s lack of resources, the course of her life seemed preordained —marriage, toil, children, an early death. Higher education was a luxury that her family deemed unnecessary; her father told her that “
all a Jewish daughter needs to know is how to prepare gefilte
fish, cut noodles fine, and give the man plenty of children.” As a
Jewish woman in Tsarist Russia her life was perpetually under threat; a rash of bloody pogroms broke out in 1881, and she bore witness the violent antisemitism that continued to plague her homeland after she emigrated to the States in 1885 at age 16 in search of freedom.
Though she had already been exposed to leftist politics by fellow workers at her factory job in Rochester, the 1886 Haymarket affair
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and ensuing state execution of the anarchists Albert Parsons, Adolph
Fischer, George Engel, and August Spies became the crucible in which
Goldman’s radicalization and ongoing political self-education was
forged. “
I saw a new world opening before me,” she wrote then, and as she wrote in a 1910 essay,
“
Anarchism is the great liberator of man from the phantoms that have
held him captive”
Around this time, Goldman came into contact with another anarchist,
Alexander Berkman, her lover and lifelong friend. The two worked together and in 1892, they were both
outraged by an incident in Pittsburgh. Striking men at the Homestead
factory of Carnegie Steel had been repressed to such an extent that some
had actually been killed.
With funding from Goldman, Berkman bought a gun and used it to shoot
Carnegie Steel”s manager, Henry Clay Frick. The attempt to assassinate
him failed, although Frick was seriously wounded. Berkman received a
life sentence for his act and the federal government attempted to stamp
out anarchism. It it became her life’s work to spread the message of
liberation far and wide. Convinced that the political and economic
organization of modern society was
fundamentally unjust, she embraced anarchism
for the vision it offered of liberty, harmony
and true social justice. For decades, she
struggled tirelessly against widespread
inequality, repression and exploitation.
By 1893, laws had been enacted that made anarchist speech itself a
crime. Goldman ignored them, stating that women could never be prevented
from talking by the government, and as a result she was imprisoned.
After her release in 1895, she dropped the most extreme of her views,
such as support for assassination and general strikes.
Instead, she called for a “
revolution in morality,” by which she
meant that a struggle needed to be joined against religious and racial
prejudice and intolerance. She served prison terms for such activities as
advising the unemployed to take bread if their pleas for food were not
answered, for giving information in a lecture on birth control, and for
opposing military conscription, this led to an eighteen-month imprisonment before the First
World War for encouraging Americans not to register for the draft. Described by authorities
as '
one of the most dangerous women in America,' she was deported to
Russia in 1919, by this time the Communist revolution had taken place and Goldman fully
expected to experience the “
workers paradise” she had heard so much
about. Instead, she discovered not only repression, but also an
unpleasantly anti-Semitic atmosphere. Goldman criticized the
undemocratic nature of Lenin”s rule and became increasingly
disillusioned with the Soviet state. In the wake of the Kronstadt rebellion
she denounced the Soviet Union for it's violent repression of independent voices.
She moved to Europe, and travelled and lectured in many countries. She came to Wales,
Emma's itinerary of speaking dates during her stay in the UK shows that
the most extensively toured area was the south Wales coalfield. During
two weeks in 1925 she spoke to audiences from Swansea to the Rhondda,
commenting in her letters that the coalfield was a "splendid field" to
spread anarchist ideas. As an orator Emma Goldman was fiery and brilliant, drawing
crowds of thousands to hear her speak. She is known for her
extraordinary energy and appetite for life.
Goldman’s openness brought an altogether human element to the sometimes
inflexible realm of radical ideological thought. For her, life was about
roses as well as bread. She is remembered as an earthy, bohemian woman
who loved art, music, and sex, and saw no reason for a revolutionary to deprive themselves of beautiful things." I want freedom, the right to self-expression, everybody's right to
beautiful things," so said Red Emma, without adjectives, who sought a
way of being free, who would rather roses on her table, than diamonds on
her neck. Who simply chose to cling on throughout her life to her deep
ideals,a beautiful ideal for a better world. She told us "
Ask for
work, if they don't give you work, ask for bread . If they do not give
you work or bread, then take bread." This
attitude gave rise to one of the most popular quotes attributed to her:
“
If I can’t dance, I don’t want to be in your revolution.”
When she was 67 and living in London, the Spanish Civil War
broke out, and she threw herself into the cause, mustering support for its anti-fascist International Brigades in their battle against General Franco's Nationalist troops who were supported by Nazi Germany and
Fascist Italy, and sharing her admiration for what she saw as the only
working class revolution to have been fomented on anarchist ideals, subsequently backing the
Spanish anarchists, as they tried to restructure society with one hand,
while battling fascist, Stalinist threats lined up against them on the
other.
Goldman’s openness brought an altogether human element to the sometimes
inflexible realm of radical ideological thought. For her, life was about
roses as well as bread. She is remembered as an earthy, bohemian woman
who loved art, music, and sex, and saw no reason for a revolutionary to deprive themselves of beautiful things."
I want freedom, the right to self-expression, everybody's right to
beautiful things," so said Red Emma, without adjectives, who sought a
way of being free, who would rather roses on her table, than diamonds on
her neck. Who simply chose to cling on throughout her life to her deep
ideals,a beautiful ideal for a better world. She told us "
Ask for
work, if they don't give you work, ask for bread . If they do not give
you work or bread, then take bread." This
attitude gave rise to one of the most popular quotes attributed to her:
“
If I can’t dance, I don’t want to be in your revolution.” In her autobiography
Living My Life (1931)
she describes how she was once admonished for dancing at a party in New
York and was told
“that it did not behoove an agitator to dance.
Certainly not with such reckless abandon, anyway.” Goldman speaks furiously on the occasion here;
“
I became alive once more. At the dances I was one of the most untiring
and gayest. One evening a cousin of Sasha, a young boy, took me aside.
With a grave face, as if he were about to announce the death of a dear
comrade, he whispered to me that it did not behoove an agitator to
dance. Certainly not with such reckless abandon, anyway. It was
undignified for one who was on the way to become a force in the
anarchist movement. My frivolity would only hurt the Cause .I
grew furious at the impudent interference of the boy. I told him to mind
his own business. I was tired of having the Cause constantly thrown
into my face. I did not believe that a Cause which stood for a beautiful
ideal, for anarchism, for release and freedom from convention and
prejudice, should demand the denial of life and joy. I insisted that our
Cause could not expect me to become a nun and that the movement would
not be turned into a cloister. If it meant that, I did not want it. "I
want freedom, the right to self-expression, everybody's right to
beautiful, radiant things." Anarchism meant that to me, and I would live
it in spite of the whole world — prisons, persecution, everything. Yes,
even in spite of the condemnation of my own closest comrades I would
live my beautiful ideal” I did not believe that a Cause which stood for a beautiful
ideal, for anarchism, for release and freedom from conventions and
prejudice, should demand the denial of life and joy. I insisted that our
Cause could not expect me to become a nun and that the movement should
not be turned into a cloister. If it meant that, I did not want it.”
This episode was later paraphrased and transformed into the famous
quote.
Goldman’s biographer and feminist writer Alix Shulman explained that
in 1973, he befriended printer who asked him for a quotation by
Goldman for use on a t-shirt. Shulman sent him the passage from
Goldman’s autobiography, but the printer rephrased the passage into the famous quote “
If I
can’t dance, I don’t want to be part of your revolution”. As Shulman
recounts, the citation subsequently found its way onto millions of
buttons, posters, T-shirts, bumper stickers, books and articles: I still
think it's lovely when I wake to know where the sentiment and quote
that greets me in the bathroom actually derives from.
Goldman was arrested a number of times throughout her life for “offenses” like distributing
information on birth control, encouraging men to avoid registering for
the draft, and for espionage.
She remained fearless, even after a lifetime of constant government
surveillance, and repression.
During the final year of her life, Goldman”s were nomadic: she called herself a “
woman with no
country.” She was equally forthright in her objections to all kinds of
totalitarian rule, whether they came from Stalin, Hitler, or Franco. As
the anti-Semitism of Nazi Germany became more and more extreme during the late 1930s, Goldman wrote about her Jewishness. in 1939, Goldman moved to Toronto, where she organized on behalf of Spanish women and children refugees fleeing victorious dictator Franco Before her death, Mariano Vázquez, the former Secretary-General of the CNT-FAI, a Spanish anarchist organization, sent her a message
naming her as “
our spiritual mother.” Even as her own health failed,
her last thoughts were with the oppressed working class, and her final
actions were to do what she could to leave a better world behind. She died in Toronto in May of 1940 after suffering from a series of strokes. She was 70 years old.
After her death, Goldman’s life and work received little attention until
anarcho-feminists in the 1960’s revived interest in her writings and
thus reignited her spirit of resistance. Anarcho-punks in the 1980’s and
1990’s and anti-capitalist activists of the new millennium kept Red
Emma’s legacy alive, referencing her in song and counter-culture, naming
infoshops and collective projects in her honor around the world.
Today as I celebrate Emma Goldman's birthday she is warmly remembered for the anarcho-feminist, anti-militarist and internationalist contributions she made to the social revolutionary struggles in life. She once famously declared that “
Everyone is an anarchist who loves liberty and hates oppression" In troubling times, her words and deeds continue to
inspire as we come together and believe in better days. Beyond the panic
of our current predicaments and journeys their our those who will keep
on fighting for a fairer society, that continue to champion her pursuit
of universal justice towards a more humane, fair and fulfilling world.
Her dream lives on and the struggle continues for a better world.
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